Archive for category LSAT Tips

June LSAT – Dates, Deadlines, and Destiny

LSAC Representatives are Standing By To Take Your Postponement Call

**UPDATE**: LSAC has a new policy in place in which students are able to withdraw their registration up until the night before the exam without having a “cancellation” or “absence” appear on a future score report. What this means is that there is no reason for a student to take an “absence” unless he or she is violently ill the day of the exam, has a family emergency, or experiences some other form of unforeseen hindrance. This is great news for students, and I have updated our advice in the article below based on this policy change.

June 6th (just 25 days from the time of writing) is judgment day for all of you who have been working hard to prepare for the June LSAT.  For many of you, this day marks the end of a long journey of preparation that you are eager to put behind you and move on to the next phase of preparing for law school.

For some of you others, this date is looming like a storm cloud on the not-so-far-away horizon.  If you are a member of this latter group, there can be many reasons – some legitimate and some not so legitimate – as to why you are dreading the impending date.  Luckily, the October LSAT still presents an opportunity for you 2012 law school- hopefuls  to get the LSAT score you’re  hoping for – phew!

But what do you do if you registered to take the exam in June, but you’re nowhere near ready or you’re  unable to take it due to some unexpected circumstance?  We’ve written a little about this topic before, but I think it’s worth revisiting in more detail given the proximity of the next exam.  Here are the relevant dates for changing, withdrawing, or otherwise driving yourself crazy about the June LSAT:

Test Center Change by Mail, Phone, or Fax May 13, 2011 (receipt deadline)
Test Center Change Online May 15, 2011 (midnight ET)
Test Date Change by Mail, Phone, or Fax May 13, 2011 (receipt deadline)
Test Date Change Online May 15, 2011 (midnight ET)
LSAT Registration Refunds (partial only) May 13, 2011 (receipt deadline)
Withdraw LSAT Registration – No Refund June 5, 2011 (midnight ET)

Before I offer my Dr. Phil-esque (Dr. Phyllis??) advice to those of you who might not be ready for the June exam, let me take the time to define a few key LSAC terms that are very relevant to the “do I cancel/postpone/ not show up for my LSAT exam” decision.

Absentee- Any person who is registered for a particular LSAT exam but does not show up to take the exam and does not notify LSAC before the withdrawal or Test Date Change deadline is considered an “absentee”.

Score Cancellation- Any person registered to take the LSAT may cancel their score at any time within 6 days of the administration of the exam.  It doesn’t matter if you cancel after the Test Date Change deadline, after the first section of the exam, or upon completion of the exam–as long as you tell the LSAC proctor that  you wish to cancel your score–your  score will not be printed on your score report.

Postponing  (an exam)- If you are fortunate/enlightened enough to recognize that you’re not going to pull it together before the LSAC Date Change Deadline, you may postpone your test date and apply the registration fee you have already paid to a future exam.

Now for the advice:

If you feel that you are not ready, will not be ready, or simply cannot attend an exam you have registered for, you can postpone your registration before the Date Change Deadline and transfer the registration fees you have paid to a future exam . For the upcoming June LSAT the Date Change Deadline is May 13th for changes made by mail, phone, or fax, and May 15th for changes made online.  If you’re fortunate enough to have this foresight, simply notify LSAC, breathe easy and keep studying.  If you decide after the Date Change Deadline that you will not be ready, you may still withdraw your registration up until the night before the exam (you have until Midnight EST) without fear of having an “absence” or “no show” turn up on a future score report.  This is a brand new LSAC policy and is very good news for students!

Before you go off devising Ferris Buehler-like schemes to skip the test, you need to understand what being an “absentee” or a student who “cancels” means for you, your application, and your chances at LSAT glory.

There is a fair bit to consider here. On the one hand, “absentee” will forever be on your future score reports – but we’ve heard from more than one law school admissions expert that that this does not necessarily mean the death of your application. You may even be given the chance to explain why this happened as an addendum to your score report. Obviously, this is not a tactic that should be abused, and now that there is a policy in place that allows students to withdraw their registration right up until the night before the exam, there are very few circumstances in which an “absence” should occur. Many law school admissions offices will interpret several ‘absences’ as a lack commitment to deadlines – a mark you certainly don’t want on your application.

Your other option for avoiding an exam you have registered for is to simply cancel the score.  This is the tact most often taken when a student is not sure if he or she is ready, but wants to have a go anyway to see how the exam “feels”. It is also the right decision to make if you show up to an exam and know that is wasn’t your day.  However, it is very important to note that canceling an exam does count against you as one of the 3 LSATs that you are permitted to take in any two year period, and does show up on score reports.

So, given this new change in LSAC policy, here is what you need to keep in mind when making your decision:

  • Absences should be avoided.  They will show up on your score report, and may require an explanation via addendum to your application.  If you are forced in to an absence, it is not the death of your application, but you should take care to explain what happened.
  • If you are not ready to take the test, you have two options: 1) Withdraw before midnight EST the night before the exam without fear of this affecting your future score reports negatively OR 2) Show up to the exam, see how it goes, and cancel your score if you weren’t satisfied with your performance.  Keep in mind that cancelled scores will show up on your future score reports, and will count as one of the three exams you are allowed to take in a two year period.

Happy Studying!!

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Rule Equivalency Logic Games Questions

Rule Equivalency Questions are Meant to be Broken

The LSAT is a funny beast. On the one hand it stays very consistent – it’s still paper and pencil, still given simply four times per year, and still requires a number two pencil. But, on the other hand, it keeps throwing us small curve balls, small changes in what it asks of us. And these changes happen in every section: Logical Reasoning no longer has multiple questions about one stimulus, Reading Comprehension now has comparative passages, and Logic Games, around the year 2000, entered the Modern Era (read the intro to our Logic Game Strategy Guide to learn what that is). Excitingly, there’s a new Logic Games curve. It’s the introduction of a new question type – Rule Equivalency questions.

If you’ve taken one of the more recent LSATs, you might remember a question that asks something like “Which of the following, if substituted for the rule that . . . would have the same effect . . .” Some of these were quite easy, some were rather tricky, and they were all novel.

If you have already learned the basics of each of the games, take a look at our White Paper on this new question type.

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Food for Thought

Breakfast

MmmmMmm, bacon!

Since many of you will be taking the LSAT this coming weekend, I thought it was appropriate for me to channel my inner Jamie Oliver and make some dietary recommendations to all the February LSAT’ers (if you haven’t seen Jamie’s TED talk,  check out the first few minutes) out there. Truth is, we probably all should heed more nutritional advice from the likes of Jamie O – so why not let the LSAT be the incentive for change in your dietary habits? After all, chances are the exam has controlled every other aspect of your life for the past several months!

While I am by no means a medical expert or professional nutritionist, I do consider myself a highly skilled ‘Googler’, and I took some time to wrangle some helpful pre-exam tips from across the web to keep your mental steam throughout the entire LSAT exam:

Breakfast is essential. Nearly every expert that offered an opinion on what to eat before an exam started with the first meal of the day: breakfast. Some suggestions for a healthy pre exam breakfast are non-sugared cereal with fruit (try raisins, blueberries and/or or bananas), or if you prefer a hot breakfast, go with an egg sandwich with whole wheat bread or whole wheat English muffin. These selections will have the simple sugars (from the fruit) and complex carbohydrates (from the cereal/grain) to keep your energy levels up. Lastly, but perhaps most importantly, is the protein element of your breakfast that should come from eggs or beans (more on that in a minute). Be sure to avoid sugary cereals or excessive caffeine before the exam, as these foods tend to result in a “crash” over time, meaning that you may not have the energy to make it through the writing section of the exam – the horror! Speaking of caffeine..

Have your coffee, but scrap the Red Bull. Energy drinks are loaded with sugar and caffeine and are a recipe for test day disaster. Be sure to get enough sleep for two or three nights prior to the exam so that you aren’t reliant upon these gimmicky and unhealthy sources of temporary energy.

As far as coffee is concerned, if you are a habitual caffeine drinker (i.e. you have a cup of Starbucks coffee every single morning) do not all of a sudden break from your routine, as your body is probably reliant on that daily intake and the effects of cutting your body off from this common drug on test day can be damaging to your law school aspirations.

Protein Protein Protein. Another point on which all of the experts agree is that protein is an essential ingredient for test day mental fitness. Foods rich in protein will literally feed your brain during the exam, so don’t skip out on this essential aspect of a balanced breakfast.

Call in backup. Take full advantage of the LSAC’s willingness to allow you to bring a clear one-gallon zip lock bag in the exam room with you by packing it with a juice box and a snack. It’s a long exam, almost always spanning through lunch time, so a granola bar and an apple juice can be essential to keeping your energy levels up throughout the entire test.

Get off the sauce. Seems obvious, right? Make pains to stop drinking during the run up to the exam. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol is generally not a great idea for your health, so it stands to reason that getting plastered a few days before the exam is not the most sound plan for a successful exam day. Besides, think of how fantastic that celebratory drink(s) will taste when you get your 180 score back from LSAC!

In summary, good nutritional practices in the days leading up to (and morning of) the LSAT will give your body the fuel it needs to sustain your focus throughout the pressure cooker that is the LSAT exam. Feel free to share your own exam day tips; what has worked (or hasn’t worked) for you on exam days throughout your academic career? Do you have any strange exam taking superstitions that you follow? We’d love to hear about them!

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How to Decide Between Two Answers on the LSAT

If only it were this easy...

I just finished reading an interesting book, How We Decide, by Jonah Lehrer. One of the more interesting studies that he cites involved choosing between five posters. Three were humorous cat posters (i.e. the internet!), and One poster was a cute photograph of a cat cute cats, one was a Monet, and the fifth was a van Gogh. The folks in group A was simply asked to choose a poster to take home. Plain and simple. Group B was asked to do the same thing AND were asked to explain their decision. What do you think happened?

Group A tended to choose the Monet or van Gogh posters, while Group B went for the kitties. That’s interesting! And then, a few weeks later, Group B folks were generally far less satisfied with their choices than the Group A people. The hypothesis is that forcing people to explain their thinking led them to choose the poster for which they could more easily provide a reason. Apparently, it’s a lot easier to explain why we would want a cat in our dorm room than a Monet.

So what does this mean for the LSAT? One interpretation is that you should simply go with your gut. Sure, that makes sense. Don’t over think the decision – and definitely don’t think you can out-smart the LSAT. Instead, do what the LSAT is asking of you: make the inferences, grasp the argument, etc.

However, I think the more useful takeaway for the experiment above is that we should practice explaining why LSAT answers are right or wrong. The easier it is to verbalize why a tricky wrong answer is wrong, the easier it will be to eliminate it (and vice versa for the right ones, of course). If all you can say about a wrong answer is “it’s just wrong,” you’re more easily fooled — you don’t have a sophisticated grasp of the ideas that the LSAT is testing, and so you are more easily tempted into choosing the cat poster answer.

So, what to when you’re down to two? Obviously, there’s no silver bullet here. Saying “go with the less obvious one” fails, as does “go with the more obvious one.”  What also rarely works is to compare the answers to each other. Instead, compare them to the argument, question, or text. The questions you should be asking yourself are not about the differences in the answers but how each one relates to what you’ve been given. Does the answer address the core of the argument? Is there textual support?

To be blunt, if what you’re saying to yourself is “I always choose the wrong one” you’re still not done learning the basics (and you’re probably ignoring all the times you choose the right one!)

Get to work on explaining yourself and apologies to cat fans.

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Ye Olde’ Last Minute LSAT Tips for the June LSAT

If you’re having a bit of an LSAT freak-out, take a break from your umpteenth preptest, stop negating assumptions and talking about contrapositives. Drink some tea (not Long Island), and read some tips:

Final tips from people other than your mother

Tips for chilling out and getting YOUR best score

What to do the night before the LSAT

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Getting A Top LSAT Score

Whenever I met new students I used to ask them what their “goal scores” were.  I ended up hearing “180!” a bit too often, so I switched to asking this: “What is the minimum score you’d be satisfied with (and not take the LSAT again)?”  This question provided a better sense of the student’s goals.   So, the true goal is to get YOUR top LSAT score.  We’d all like to get 180s, but it’s just not possible for us all to realize that dream.  If you disagree, I also have a bridge to sell you.

So, this strategy/pep talk is for those who are nearing LSAT game day and are not scoring a 180.  Let’s say you’re scoring 168-170 on your latest preptests, that means that you’re roughly missing 7-12 questions between the four “live” sections.  And let’s say you’re pretty strong with the games and RC – perhaps 1 wrong in each of those usually — but you miss 3 – 5 in each of the LR sections.  If we’re a 6 weeks from the LSAT, there’s no reason whatsoever to assume that you can’t improve on that, but if you’re 3 weeks from test day, it’s time to face the facts: you’re probably going to score within the lower range of your recent preptests.  So, at that point, if you’re not happy with such a score, do not take the LSAT!

If you are happy with that 168, then start practicing getting your top score.  This means that you should practice getting ~10 questions wrong.  Most importantly, practice making those 10 incorrect the 10 questions you find difficult.  In other words, don’t get easy questions wrong and don’t leave yourself rushing on tough questions that are within your reach.  Instead, take educated guesses on the really tough questions that you know — through experience — you’re probably not going to get right.  If you allow yourself to do that — instead of throwing 2-3 minutes after that question — you’ve bought yourself some time for the challenging question that is within your reach.

If you practice taking the test this way, you are much more likely to find yourself scoring at the top of your practice range instead of towards your bottom.

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December LSAT – Final Tips

The LSAT is less than a week away, and people are often asking for final tips about test day.  Here’s my best of:

1.  Easy does it. Don’t take any full preptests within the last two days.  The brain is a muscle, let it rest.  Take a few timed sections each day up until 3 days before the LSAT, a couple untimed two days before, with a bunch of review of work you’ve already done.  And the day before just re-do LSAT sections you have already done.  On the morning of the LSAT, re-do one easy logic game on your way to the test center to get your brain moving.  Caveat: if you know you’ll do better with momentum, go right ahead and get momentumming and go crazy on the LSATs the week before.  Some people like to do a six-section LSAT a week before test day to make 5 sections seem easy.

2. Pack-up the night before. Get all your pencils sharpened, print out the ticket (and make sure your printer doesn’t cut off any part of the ticket), and find that analog watch your dad gave you years ago.  Make sure you know how to get to your testing center – there’s nothing worse than freaking out on your way to the test.  Plan to arrive early and to enjoy a coffee outside while you do a warm-up section, or a crossword puzzle or something that is fun and slightly intellectual.

3. Warm-up mental stretches. Bring some light warm-up LSAT material with you to the testing center. I suggest bringing some tough questions that you completely mastered.  Before you enter the testing center, just run through the questions one last time, toss the paper into the recycling bin and head to your room.  Don’t bother checking your work.  The reason to do this is that you don’t want to use the first section of the test as your warm-up.  You want your logical thinking already moving when you start section 1.  The brain is a muscle, so warm it up just like you would your legs.

4. Eliminate, eliminate, eliminate, eliminate. On all but the easiest problems in LR and RC, you should generally eliminate 4 answers.  If you’re going down the answer choice list, and (B) seems to be the answer, act suspicious – assume you’ve been duped – and go and look at the rest of the answer choices, seeing if you can eliminate them.  It’s too easy to “shut down” your brain once you think you’ve found the answer.  Unless you’re scoring 180s, face it: the LSAT is fooling you some of the time.  So look for the wrong answers, not the right ones.  This is probably the most important piece of advice I can give to students who are just looking for a way to freshen up their process if it has hit a plateau.

5. Move along. If you are stuck on a question, take comfort in the fact that most everyone around you is probably struggling with that question too!  Some of your neighbors will spend 4 minutes on that one question, and others will move on and devote time to questions they can tackle.  Those who move on probably will do better and keep their cool.  So, make an educated guess, bubble it in, circle the question number, and move on.  If you have time, come back to it.

6.  Focus! If you find yourself meta-thinking (i.e. “wow, I’m taking the LSAT and it’s really tough, I hope I’m doing well . . . shoot, I really need to focus!  I think I bombed that last logic game.  Dang, what if I can’t focus . .”) you need to get back to work!  One easy way is to read the passage or question to yourself aloud (very quietly obviously).  Some people understand better when they hear information.  Another way to do it is to start writing on the test – “Conclusion!” “Why?” “Author’s opinion!”.

7. Try something. For logic games, if you are into the 2nd or 3rd question and have been struggling the whole way there, you may have not made some important inferences that could “un-lock” the game (and by the way, not every game has important inferences built into the scenario, sometimes there all in the conditional questions).  Lay out 2 possible scenarios with the elements, and question yourself along the way: “could E go anywhere?  Why not?”  This might help focus your thinking.  This isn’t usually the most ideal route to unlocking a logic game, but if you’re stuck, you’ve got to do something!

8. Throw out the rules. You’ve probably spent a lot of time learning diagrams, logic rules, etc.  During test day, feel free to abandon ship if something is not working.  The best test-takers are flexible with their methods.  That said, don’t throw out your general approach to the test, that’s your routine that will see you through section 5.

And I still stand behind my night-before-the-LSAT recommendation:  Watch Legally Blonde, 1 or 2.

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LSAT Weaken Questions – Logical Reasoning

Weaken questions can operate in a few different ways. Let’s look at some examples.

Sep 09 Exam, Section 4, #2

Here’s the basic logic given in the argument:

You can always keep your hands warm by putting on extra layers of clothing (clothing that keeps the vital organs warm).

THUS, to keep your hands warm in the winter, you never need gloves or mittens.

This argument is a sound argument – no flaws or assumptions. If you have another option for keeping your hands warm, then you never truly need gloves or mittens.

In this case, the correct answer actually attacks the main premise. The correct answer says that sometimes (when it’s really really cold) putting extra layers of clothing on actually is not enough to keep your hands warm. Notice how this contradicts the premise. So, to weaken an argument you can attack a supporting premise.

ANSWER TYPE 1: attack a premise

Sep 09 Exam, Section 4, #10

Here’s the basic logic given in the argument:

Most people don’t eat enough fruits and vegetables to get their daily requirement for vitamins.

THUS, most people need to supplement with vitamin pills.

This argument is NOT a sound argument. It makes a pretty big assumption: People can’t fulfill their daily requirement of vitamins using some other source aside from vitamin pills.

The correct answer could attack this assumption by negating it: People CAN fulfill their daily requirement of vitamins using some other source aside from vitamin pills. This would definitely weaken the argument. However, it’s more likely that the correct answer will be a little tougher to spot. Instead of just outright negating the assumption, it will probably give an example of a source of vitamins other than pills. This is exactly what the correct answer does in this case. It says that many foods that aren’t fruits and vegetables have the vitamins that fruits and vegetables have. This obviously weakens the claim that you would need pills to get those vitamins.

In this case, the correct answer attacks an assumption by introducing a counter premise. In order to see it, you’ve got to be able to spot the assumption first.

ANSWER TYPE 2: attack assumption through counter premise

Jun 09, Section 2, #9

In this case, a single claim is made without any supporting premise:

Reducing meat consumption will not significantly reduce world hunger.

In this case, the answer won’t attack a premise because there isn’t one. It’s hard to attack an assumption because we don’t have a P - C relationship (assumptions usually lie between the premise and conclusion). So, this must be a different type.

Here, the correct answer simply raises a counter premise, an outside fact that seems to indicate that the claim could be wrong: The amount of land needed to raise meat for one person could grow enough grain to feed 10 people. If this were true, maybe, just maybe, we could put a dent in world hunger by eating less meat.

ANSWER TYPE 3: introduce a counter premise.

To see if you’ve got it, take a look at section 3 (LR) of the Sep 09 exam, #24. Which of these three types is it?

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Assumptions and Flaws: Focus on the Argument Engine

Do you struggle with assumption and flaw questions? Do you often choose answers that seem right, or relevant, but end up being wrong? This may help.

 

Consider the following argument:

 

Many respected entrepreneurs assert that insufficient capital, capital required to cover operating expenses in addition to initial start-up costs, is inevitably a factor in the failure of start-up businesses. However, all of the failed start-ups with which I’ve been involved have failed as a result of executives’ lack of expertise in the product or service that the company provides. Thus, insufficient capital is not a factor in causing start-up businesses to fail.

 

If this were followed by a question that asked you to choose an assumption, this would be a pretty tough question. The average test-taker attempts to memorize, or “learn” the entire argument, and then gets distracted by answer choices that seem relevant to some particular part of the argument that ends up not mattering so much. This leads to wrong answers.

 

The strong test-taker has a clearer sense for what we’ll call “the argument engine,” and knows that everything else will likely just provide a context for that engine. The correct answer will usually relate or connect the two parts of the engine. The incorrect answers will generally sit outside the engine – irrelevant. So, what’s this engine thing all about?

 

Let’s turn this argument on its head and start over.

 

We spend a lot of time deconstructing arguments. Let’s try looking at things in reverse order. Let’s actually construct this argument from the ground up. We’ll start with the conclusion:

 

Insufficient capital is not a factor in causing start-up businesses to fail.

 

Now, let’s add a premise to support this conclusion:

 

All of the failed start-ups with which I’ve been involved have failed as a result of executives’ lack of expertise in the product or service that the company provides. Thus, insufficient capital is not a factor in causing start-up businesses to fail.

 

To make this argument more LSAT-like, we’ll add an opposing point to the beginning:

 

Many respected entrepreneurs assert that insufficient capital is inevitably a factor in the failure of start-up businesses. However, all of the failed start-ups with which I’ve been involved have failed as a result of executives’ lack of expertise in the product or service that the company provides. Thus, insufficient capital is not a factor in causing start-up businesses to fail.

 

Let’s put in some background information, just to add some more language:

 

Many respected entrepreneurs assert that insufficient capital, capital required to cover operating expenses in addition to initial start-up costs, is inevitably a factor in the failure of start-up businesses. However, all of the failed start-ups with which I’ve been involved have failed as a result of executives’ lack of expertise in the product or service that the company provides. Thus, insufficient capital is not a factor in causing start-up businesses to fail.

 

Now we have a full argument. Notice that the more we add the more confusing things become. The more words we read, the less we’re able to focus on the things that really matter.

 

To fight through the confusion, try thinking of the LSAT argument as a car. The engine is the most important part of the car; it makes the car go. The chassis of the car simply provides a frame, or a context, for the engine. 

 

Likewise, the most important part of an LSAT argument, the engine of the argument, is the simple relationship between one supporting premise and one final conclusion: P à C. Everything else, opposing point and background information, simply provides a frame or a context for this simple relationship.

 

Let’s go back to the example we introduced above. Before we added the opposing point and the background information things were pretty simple, right? We had one simple premise leading to one conclusion:

 

All of the failed start-ups with which I’ve been involved have failed as a result of executives’ lack of expertise in the product or service that the company provides. Thus, insufficient capital is not a factor in causing start-up businesses to fail.

 

This is the engine of the argument! We can paraphrase it:

 

start-ups I’ve seen failed b/c of lack of expertise –> thus, lack of capital not a cause of failure

 

When we see the engine, or core, of the argument in simple terms, any flaws, gaps, or assumptions become more obvious. In this case, the author assumes that there cannot be more than one reason why a start-up fails.

 

If you have trouble with assumptions and flaws, try focusing on the engine. Try constructing the argument from the ground up: find the conclusion, find the one premise that directly supports this conclusion, and then recognize that everything else just provides a context for this engine that you’ve just identified.

 

Once you have your engine, you’ve defined the scope of the argument. The correct answer will generally fall within the scope of the engine.

 

(ADVANCED NOTE: Sometimes more difficult questions involve a three-part engine: premise –> intermediate conclusion –> conclusion. In a case such as this, you’ll need to examine the logic in two parts. First, look at the premise –> intermediate conclusion relationship. Is there a gap or assumption made in this part of the engine? Next, look at the intermediate conclusion –> conclusion part of the engine and ask yourself the same question. The simple difference here is that there are actually TWO engines at work. You’ll want to check both of them.)

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LSAT Prep Course Review with Ann Levine

We just did an interview with Ann Levine, and admissions consultant,

http://www.lawschoolexpert.com/podcasts.html

A very fun conversation.  Some of the big themes: what sort of score increases to expect, how to choose a prep option that’s right for you, and some of the myths about LSAT prep.

This is our first chance to work with Ann, but it sounds like she has a lot of sound advice for navigating the law school application process smoothly.  Check out her blog: http://www.lawschoolexpert.com/blog

And I’ve just ordered her book: http://www.lawschoolexpertbook.com Looks useful . . .

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